Definition of Isotope An isotope is a variant of a particular chemical element that shares the same number of protons but has a different number of neutrons within its atomic nucleus. This results in the same atomic number but a different atomic mass. For example, carbon has several isotopes, including carbon-12 (with 6 protons and 6 neutrons) and carbon-14 (with 6 protons and 8 neutrons)....

In the realm of nanotechnology and pharmaceutical development, the significance of particle size and distribution cannot be overstated. Among the various metrics used to gauge the uniformity of particle size, the Polydispersity Index (PDI) stands out as a critical parameter. Additionally, as the demand for liposomal formulations burgeons in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors, the role...

The Emergence of PROTAC Technology In the realm of modern drug discovery, the term "PROTAC" has become increasingly prevalent. PROTAC stands for "Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras," a revolutionary technology that offers an innovative approach to degrading specific proteins within cells. Unlike traditional small-molecule drugs, which typically inhibit the function of a target protein, PROTACs work...

RNA-based therapeutics have emerged as a revolutionary approach for treating genetic disorders, cancers, and infectious diseases. However, delivering RNA molecules safely and efficiently into target cells remains a major challenge. Three leading delivery platforms—exosomes for RNA delivery, liposomes for RNA delivery, and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for RNA delivery—have shown...